To translate the associative meaning of the Chinese numerals and numeral-related phrases into English, may turn to the following methods: literal translation, free translation and substitution. 汉语数字和数字词语联想意义英译的方法有:直译、意译和借译。翻译中的直译意译与读者关照意译是汉语新词语翻译中最常用的一种重要方法。
Free indirect discourse is constructed by the substitution of those subjects, and the rules of substitution coincide with general grammar. 自由间接引语即由潜在的多个主体之间的代换而构成,而且代换规则与一般语法规则一致。
General speaking, there are four categories of trade strategies, which include Free Trade, Import Substitution, Export Promotion and Integrated strategies. 一般来说,贸易发展战略包括自由贸易战略、进口替代战略、出口导向战略和综合型贸易战略。我国现行的贸易战略属于偏出口的综合型贸易战略。
The dependence of concentration of free sodium hydroxide, hydrolyzation ratio of sodium chloroacetate, degree of substitution ( DS) and solution viscosity of product on reaction conditions in the synthesis of polyanionic cellulose ( PAC) in various alcohol mediums are studied. 研究了溶媒法合成聚阴离子纤维素(PAC)过程中游离碱浓度、氯乙酸钠水解率和产品取代度(DS)及其溶液粘度与反应条件的相关性。
It is found that Lin skillfully employs transliteration, literal translation, free translation, annotation and substitution to deal with different types of culture-loaded terms, thus spreading Chinese culture to English readers. 通过比较可以得出林语堂为了实现传播中国文化的目的,他灵活使用音译,直译,义译,注释和替代法处理不同类型的文化负载词。
Under the guidance of the two basic translation strategies, the author also comes up with several practical and feasible translation techniques, including literal translation, transliteration, literal translation plus explanation, free translation and substitution. 最后,在这两大基本翻译策略的指导下,作者又提出了几种具体可行的翻译技巧,其中包括直译、音译、直译加注释、意译和替换法等。
The free radical degradation and chemical sulfation of PG oligosaccharides method are suitable to prepare PGS oligosaccharides with high degrees of sulfate substitution, but it is difficult to separate these PGS oligosaccharides. 自由基降解法和PG寡糖修饰法适合制备具有高硫酸酯基取代度的PGS寡糖,但这种高硫酸酯基取代度PGS寡糖的分离较为困难。
The natural attribute of debt can restrict the free cash-flow in manager hand to limit the overinvestment. On the other hand, the debt will lead to the conflict between stockholder and debtor. We can call it asset substitution, which will aggravate the overinvestment. 一方面债务的天然属性可以制约经理人手中的自由现金流量,从而限制过度投资的发生,另一方面,债务的存在会导致股东与债权人的冲突,也就是资产替代行为,会令过度投资更加严重。
David Hawkes also adopts literal translations more frequently, but for those images which are different from those in the target language culture or may cause difficulties in understanding to target readers, he employs strategies of free translation and substitution. 对于译入语读者可理解的具体意象,霍克斯同样也采用了直译,但对于译入语读者有理解困难或与译入语文化不同的的具体意象,他更多地采用了意译或替代策略。